Introduction

In Hamiltonian physics, if we let

cαq+iβp,\mathbf c\coloneqq\alpha\mathbf q+\mathrm i\beta\mathbf p, (1)(1)

where α\alpha and β\beta are non-zero real numbers, then two real vectors q\mathbf q and p\mathbf p becomes a complex vector c\mathbf c. In other words, we use ss complex numbers instead of 2s2s real numbers to represent the status of a system, where ss is the DOF.

We are going to find out the form of some theorems in Hamiltonian mechanics with respect to the complex variable that we have just defined.

Note that if you do not care about the units, it is recommended to let α=β=12\alpha=\beta=\frac1{\sqrt2} due to the convenience.

Hamiltonian

In this way, the Hamiltonian is a function of real value with respect to a complex vector. To be clear,

H ⁣(c,t)=H ⁣(q,p,t). \mathcal H\!\left(\mathbf c,t\right)= \mathcal H\!\left(\mathbf q,\mathbf p,t\right).

The Hamiltonian is not an analytical function, so we need to redefine how a function can be differentiated in order that the Hamiltonian is “differentiable.” The approach to this is to use the average of the limit along the real axis and that along the imaginary axis, which means

dd(x+iy)12(xiy). \frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm d\left(x+\mathrm iy\right)}\coloneqq \frac12\left(\frac\partial{\partial x}- \mathrm i\frac\partial{\partial y}\right).

Thus,

c=12αqi2βp. \frac\partial{\partial\mathbf c}= \frac1{2\alpha}\frac\partial{\partial\mathbf q}- \frac{\mathrm i}{2\beta}\frac\partial{\partial\mathbf p}. (2)(2)

There is also an obvious property that for any function f:CRf:\mathbb C\rightarrow\mathbb R, we have

fz=(fz). \frac{\partial f}{\partial z^*}= \left(\frac{\partial f}{\partial z}\right)^*.

Furthermore,

q=α(c+c),p=iβ(cc). \frac\partial{\partial\mathbf q}= \alpha\left(\frac\partial{\partial\mathbf c}+ \frac\partial{\partial\mathbf c^*}\right),\quad \frac\partial{\partial\mathbf p}= \mathrm i\beta\left(\frac\partial{\partial\mathbf c}- \frac\partial{\partial\mathbf c^*}\right). (3)(3)

Canonical equations

Now we may be curious about what will the canonical equations

dqdt=Hp,dpdt=Hq\frac{\mathrm d\mathbf q}{\mathrm dt}= \frac{\partial\mathcal H}{\partial\mathbf p},\quad \frac{\mathrm d\mathbf p}{\mathrm dt}= -\frac{\partial\mathcal H}{\partial\mathbf q} (4)(4)

change into after c\mathbf c is introduced.

Apply Formula 2 to 2iαβH2\mathrm i\alpha\beta\mathcal H, and we can derive that

2iαβHc=αHp+iβHq.2\mathrm i\alpha\beta\frac{\partial\mathcal H}{\partial\mathbf c}= \alpha\frac{\partial\mathcal H}{\partial\mathbf p}+ \mathrm i\beta\frac{\partial\mathcal H}{\partial\mathbf q}. (5)(5)

On the other hand, take the derivative of both sides of Formula 1, and substitute Formula 4 into it, and then we can derive that

dcdt=αHpiβHq.\frac{\mathrm d\mathbf c}{\mathrm dt}= \alpha\frac{\partial\mathcal H}{\partial\mathbf p}- \mathrm i\beta\frac{\partial\mathcal H}{\partial\mathbf q}. (6)(6)

Compare Formula 5 and 6, we get the useful formula

dcdt=2iαβHc. \frac{\mathrm d\mathbf c}{\mathrm dt}= -2\mathrm i\alpha\beta \frac{\partial\mathcal H}{\partial\mathbf c^*}. (7)(7)

The new canonical equations are a set of ss ODEs of 11st degree, and there should be only ss (instead of 2s2s) arbitrary constants in the solution.

Poisson bracket

The Poisson bracket {,}\left\{\cdot,\cdot\right\} can be defined just as usual:

{f,g}fqgpfpgq; \left\{f,g\right\}\coloneqq \frac{\partial f}{\partial\mathbf q}\cdot \frac{\partial g}{\partial\mathbf p}- \frac{\partial f}{\partial\mathbf p}\cdot \frac{\partial g}{\partial\mathbf q}; (8)(8)

while something beautiful will occur if we substitute Formula 3 into 8:

{f,g}=2iαβ(fcgcfcgc). \left\{f,g\right\}=-2\mathrm i\alpha\beta \left(\frac{\partial f}{\partial\mathbf c}\cdot \frac{\partial g}{\partial\mathbf c^*}- \frac{\partial f}{\partial\mathbf c^*}\cdot \frac{\partial g}{\partial\mathbf c}\right). (9)(9)

With Formula 9, you can also verify that

ddt=t{H,}. \frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm dt}= \frac\partial{\partial t}-\left\{\mathcal H,\cdot\right\}. (10)(10)

Canonical transformation

Consider some kind of transformation c=c ⁣(c)\mathbf c'=\mathbf c'\!\left(\mathbf c\right) that will preserve the form of the canonical equation, which means

dcdt=2iαβHc. \frac{\mathrm d\mathbf c'}{\mathrm dt}= -2\mathrm i\alpha\beta \frac{\partial\mathcal H}{\partial\mathbf c'^*}. (11)(11)

(We do not consider those transformations that involves tt. As we all know, if a canonical transformation involves tt, an additional part should be added to H\mathcal H.)

Apply Formula 10 to c\mathbf c' and make use of Formula 11, we can derive that

Hc={c,H}. \frac{\partial\mathcal H}{\partial\mathbf c'^*}= \left\{\mathbf c',\mathcal H\right\}.

The equation should be true for all H\mathcal H. In other words,

c={c,}, \frac\partial{\partial\mathbf c'^*}= \left\{\mathbf c',\cdot\right\},

so

ccc+ccc=cccccc. \frac{\partial\mathbf c^*}{\partial\mathbf c'^*} \frac\partial{\partial\mathbf c^*}+ \frac{\partial\mathbf c}{\partial\mathbf c'^*} \frac\partial{\partial\mathbf c}= \frac{\partial\mathbf c'}{\partial\mathbf c} \frac\partial{\partial\mathbf c^*}- \frac{\partial\mathbf c'}{\partial\mathbf c^*} \frac\partial{\partial\mathbf c}.

Note that usually c\frac\partial{\partial\mathbf c} and c\frac\partial{\partial\mathbf c^*} are linearly independent, so we can derive that

cc=cc,cc=cc. \frac{\partial\mathbf c^*}{\partial\mathbf c'^*}= \frac{\partial\mathbf c'}{\partial\mathbf c},\quad \frac{\partial\mathbf c}{\partial\mathbf c'^*}= -\frac{\partial\mathbf c'}{\partial\mathbf c^*}.

Here it is a much more convenient way to judge whether a transformation is a canonical transformation than to find a generating function.

With the property we have just found, it is easy to find out that the Poisson brackets corresponding to different set of canonical variables have the same value, which is to say that

{f,g}c={f,g}c. \left\{f,g\right\}_{\mathbf c}=\left\{f,g\right\}_{\mathbf c'}.

Phase space

With the introduction of the complex variable c\mathbf c, the phase space becomes the vector space of c\mathbf c, which is Cs\mathbb C^s.

I have not learned differential geometry about complex manifold, so maybe there is some awesome extensions that can be made in the phase space, while I will not be able to find them out…

Some examples

Free particle

The Hamiltonian of a free particle is

H=(c)22m, \mathcal H=\frac{\left(\Im\mathbf c\right)^2}{2m},

where c\mathbf c is a 33-dimensional complex vector, α=β=1\alpha=\beta=1. Substitute it into 7, and then we can derive that

dcdt=cm. \frac{\mathrm d\mathbf c}{\mathrm dt}= \frac{\Im\mathbf c}m.

By solving it, we can derive that

c=c0mt+c0, \mathbf c=\frac{\Im\mathbf c_0}mt+\mathbf c_0,

where c0\mathbf c_0 is 33 arbitrary complex constants.

Harmonic oscillator

The Hamiltonian of a harmonic oscillator is

H=c22, \mathcal H=\frac{\left|c\right|^2}2,

where cc is a complex number, α=k\alpha=\sqrt k, β=1m\beta=\frac1{\sqrt m}. Substitute it into 7, and then we can derive that

dcdt=iωc, \frac{\mathrm dc}{\mathrm dt}=-\mathrm i\omega c,

where ωαβ=km\omega\coloneqq\alpha\beta=\sqrt{\frac km}. By solving it, we can derive that

c=c0eiωt, c=c_0\mathrm e^{-\mathrm i\omega t},

where c0c_0 is an arbitrary complex constant.